w^
USEFUL
SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
IN ENGLISH LETTERS.
COMPILED PA'
CHARLES JOHNSTON,
BENGAL CIVIL SERVIOK ; DUBLIN UNIVERSITY SANSKRIT PRIZEMAN ;
INDIA CIVIL SKRVICE SANSKRIT PRIZEMAN.
"JVoc/urm'i versate viaiui, versate diitTii6.'
LONDON: LUZAC & CO.
1892.
South/ Southeast Asia Library Service
iiie (Jenaral Library
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
/
PEEFACE.
Need I say that this little book does not claim to be more
than an introduction to Sanskrit grammar ? It owes its
existence to the practical difficulty which I have felt in
putting before students the simple declensions and con-
jugations in a form in which they might most easily be
learnt by heart.
The grammars of Professors Max-Muller, Whitney, and
Sir M. Monier- Williams are open to the objection that
beginners are compelled to pick out the transliterated
forms from amongst the Devanagari, while advanced
students are under the opposite difficulty : their atten-
tion, following the line of least resistance, is led away
from the Devanagari forms to the English letters, and
thus important differences are overlooked.
The ideal grammar would contain these two elements
separated : first, a section containing the rules, and all
forms transliterated, and then the Devanagari forms
printed separately, so that the eye might follow them,
unimpeded by English transliterations.
Pending the appearance of such an ideal grammar, I
have printed here a few of the most useful nouns and
verbs, limiting myself as far as possible to the indispen-
sable elements, which every student must learn by heart ;
and the student who commits to memory the following
thirty pages will probably have little difficulty in under-
standing all the forms he is likely to come across in the
J6
719
^tox
IV PREFACE.
first two years of his Sanskrit studies, after which he will
probably turn to one of the larger gramTuar.s for fuller
information.
I have omitted the rules of phonetic assimilation,
behind which, as by a formidable outwork, the larger
grammars are entrenched. They are best learned by
practice — in the actual coui*se of reading — and not by rule
beforehand. I have further omitted the accent, and also
the rules for variations of declension and conjugation,
which can only be properly understood after the actual
forms have been learnt by heart ; in fact. I have excluded
everything which might impede a beginner in the ele-
mentary study of a beautiful language, the difficulties of
which have been greatly exaggerated.
My thanks are due to Dr. Fitzedward Hall for valuable
suggestions.
C. J.
NOUNS.
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
VOWEL STEMS.
Masculine and Neuter Stems in *a.'
Examples: deva (masculine), god; jala (neuter), water.
Singular.
Masculine.
Nominative, devas
Accicsative. devam
Instrumental, devena,
Dative, devaya,
Ablative. dev3,t,
Genitive, devasya,
Locative, deve,
Vocative, deva.
(subject)
(direct object)
with, hy
to, for
from, than
i
in, at
Dual,
two (subject)
tivo (object)
Neuter.
jalam
jalam
jalena
jalaya
jalat
jalasya
jale
jala
Nominative, devau, two (subject) jale
Accusative, devau, tivo (object) jale
Instrumental, devabhyam, with, hy, two jalabhyam
Dative, devabhyam, to, for, two jalabhyam
Ablative, devabhyam, /rom, than, two jalabhyam
Genitive, devayos, of two jalayos
Locative, devayos, in, at, two jalayos
Vocative, devau, tivo jale
Plural.
Nominative, devas (subject) jalani
Accusative, devan (direct object) jalani
Instrumental, devais, ^vith, by jalais
Dative, devebhyas, to, for jalebhyas
Ablative, devebhyas, from, than jalebhyas
Genitive, devanam, of jalanam
Locative, deveshu, in, at jaleshu
Vocative, devas, jalani
Note Masculine D. Dual and D. Plural ; Neuter, V. Sin-
gular and N. Dual. Decline thus —
Masculines. Neuters.
Nom. Kamas, Ciqnd vanam, loood
hastas, hand kulam, famihi
kakas, croxo dhanam, tcealth
manavas, man annam, food
analas, ^?'e pushpaui,y7o?rer
pak^has, wincf satyam, truth
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
Masculine and Feminine Stems in 'i.'
Examples: agni (masculine), /?'e ; mati (feminine).
thouf/ht.
Singular.
Masculine.
Feminine.
N.
agnis
matis
Ac.
agnim
matim
I.
agnina
matya
D.
agnaye
mataye
Ah.
agnes
mates
G.
agnes
mates
L.
agnau
matau
V.
agne
Dual.
mate
N. Ac. V.
agni
mati
I. I). Ah.
agnibhyam
matibliyani
G.L.
agnyos
Plural.
matyos
N.
agnayas
matayas
Ac.
agnin
matis
I.
agnibliis
matibhis
D.
agnibhyas
matibhyas
Ah.
agnibhyas
matibliyas
G.
agninam
matinam
L.
agnishu
matishu
V.
agnayas
matayas
Note long i in Dual N., Ac.y V., and Plural Ac, G., of botli
genders. Compare /. Singular and Ac. Plural of Masculine
and Feminine. Decline thus —
Masculines.
Stem, kavi, poet
nidhi, treasure
ravi, 82171
adhipati, lord
ali, bee
sandhi, p^acf'
Feminines.
ruchi, ray
gati, (jait
siddhi, success
niti, 2^oIicij
(lyuti, hriijldncfis
vipatti, adversity
USEFUL SANSKKIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
Masculine and Feminine Stems in 'u.'
Examples: ketu (masculine), /a^'; dhenu (feminine), cou'.
Singular.
Masculine.
Feminine.
K
ketus
dheuus
Ac.
ketum
dhenum
I.
ketuna
dhenva
D.
ketave
dlienave
Ah.
ketos
dhenos
G.
ketos
dlienos
L.
ketau
dhenau
V.
keto
Dual.
dheno
N. Ac. V.
ketu
dhenu
I. D. Ah.
ketubhyani
dlienubhyani
Cr. L.
ketvos
Plural.
dbenvos
N.
ketavas
dlienavas
Ac.
ketun
dhenus
I.
ketubhis
dlieuubhis
D.
Ah.
a.
ketubliyas
ketubliyns
ketiinam
dhenubhyas
dhenubhyas
dhenunam
L.
ketushu
dhenushu
V.
ketavas
dhenavas
Note long ?t in Dual N., Ac, V., and Plural Ac, G., of both
genders. Compare Masculine I., Singular, and Ac. Plural
^vith tlip Feminine. Decline thus —
Masculines.
Stem, vibhu, master
bhanu, sun
Manu, Manu
indu, moon
manyu, distress
bahu, much (ma.sc.)
Feminines.
chanchu, beak
jambu, rose- apple
tanu, form
Danu, Danu
prthu, opium
kaku, muttering
Feminine nouns of this fleclen.'«ion are rare.
ro
USEFUL SA^-^^KRIT XOUX.S AND VERRS.
Masculine and Feminine Stems in 'r.'
Examples: datr (masculine), giver; svasr (feminine),
sister.
N.
Ac.
I.
n.
Ah.
G.
L.
V.
Masculixk.
data
datrirani
datra
datre
datur
datiir
datari
datar
Singular,
N. Ac. V. datanai
/. D. Ah. datrbhyrun
G. L. datros
DhoJ.
N.
Ac.
I.
D.
Ah.
G.
L.
V.
dataras
datfn
datrbliis
datrbliyas
datrbliyas
datfn am
datrshu
dAtilras
Plural
Feminixk.
svasa
svasaram
svasra
svasre
svasur
svasnr
svasari
svasar
svasarau
svasrbhyam
svasros
svasaras
svasfs
svasrbhis
svasrbliyas
svasrbliyas
svasfnam
svasrshu
svasaras
Note long r in Plural Ac. C. of both genders.
Compare Ar. Plural, Masculine, with Ac. Plural, Feminine.
Decline like datr, kartr (a <Jue)-), hotr (a sarri/icer), and, in
general, nouns of agency ; and also naptr {{jramlsm). Other
ma-sfuHne nouns of relationship take ar, instead of ar, in Ar
Singular, N. Ac. V. Dual, N. V. Plural.
Thus pitr {father) takes pitaram, pitaruu. pitaras. In the
same cases, feminine nouns of relationship take ar, instead of
(ir, with the exception of svasr {f^ixter).
Thus matr {mntlier) takes mTitaram, matarau, mataras.
Subject to these exceptions, masculine and feminine stems
in /• follow the ex-amples given.
USEFUL SANSKPJT NOUNS AND VEEBS.
I I
Feminine Stems in 'a, i, u.'
Examples : bala, (jirl
; devi, goddess ;
vadhu, woman.
Singidar.
K
bala
devi
vadhu s
Ac.
balam
devim
vadhiim
I.
D.
Ab.
G.
L.
V.
balaya
balayai
balayas
balayas
brdayam
brde
devya
devyai
devyas
devyas
devyam
devi
Dual.
vadliva
vadlivai
vadhvas
vadhvas
vadhvam.
vadhu
N. Ac. V.
bale
devyan
vadhvau
I. D. Ah.
G. L.
balabliyam
brdayos
devibhyam
devyos
vadhubhyam
vadhvos
Plural,
.
N.
balas
devyas
vadhvas
Ac.
bcllas
devis
vadhus
I.
balabliis
devibhis
vadhubhis
D.
Ab.
G.
balabliyas
bfdabliyas
balanam
devibhyas
devibhyas
devinam
vadhubhyas
vadhubhyas
vadhfmam
L.
balasu
devishu
vadhiishu
V.
balas
devyas
vadhvas
Note the tenuinations of N. Ac. V. Dual and N. V. Plural.
Stems in d never take final s in Nominative Singular ; while a
CiiA\ stems in t and all stems in 4 take it. Stems in i2 are rare.
Decline thus —
sena, armi/
kanya, girl
maya, glamuur
nadi, river
rnalii, earth
rajaiii, night
chamu, army
ratft, heavenly Ganges
ajil, /ree labour
12
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
CONSONANT STEMS.
Normal Consonant Stem.
ExAiMPLE : harit, green.
Singular.
Masculine
. AND Feminine.
Neuter.
N.
harit
harit
Ac.
haritam
harit
I.
harita
harita
D.
harite
harite
Ab.
haritas
haritas
G.
haritas
haritas
L.
hariti
hariti
V.
harit
Dual.
harit
N. Ac. V.
haritau
hariti
I. D. Ah.
G.L.
haridbhyam
haritos
Plural.
haridbhyam
haritos
N.
haritas
hariuti
Ac.
haritas
harinti
I.
haridbhis
haridbhis
D.
Ah.
G.
haridbhyas
haridbhyas
haritam
haridbhyas
haridbhyas
haritam
L.
haritsu
haritsu
V.
haritas
harinti
Note the assimilation of the stem wiih terminations begin-
ning with consonants. The result of these a.ssimilations varies
with the final consonant of the stem, and is best learned by
practice.
Note the nasalisation of the Neuter PI in a 1 N. Ar. V.
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
13
Stems in 'in.'
Example : dhanin, vjealthy.
Masculine.
N. dhani
Ac. dhaninam
/. dhanina
D. dhanine
Ah. dliauiuas
G. dhaninas
L. dhanin i
V. dhanin
Singular.
Neuter.
dhani
dhani
dhanina
dhanine
dhaninas
dhaninas
dhanini
dhanin, dhani
Dual.
N. Ac. V. dhaninau
/. D. Ah. dhanibhyani
G. L. dhaninos
dhanini
dhanibhyani
dhaninos
Plural.
N. dhaninas
Ac. dhaninas
/. dhanibhis
D. dlianibhyas
Ah. dhanibhyas
G. dhaninam
Z. dhanishii
V. dhaninas
dhanini
dhanini
dhanibhis
dhanibhyas
dhanibhyas
dhaninam
dhanishn
dhanini
Note that the stem loses the n before consonant termi-
nations.
Note the Neuter V. Singular.
Compare Neuter Nominatives, Dual and Plural.
These stems are possessive derivative adjectives in in, viv,
or min ; the two latter are rai-e.
Feminines of this class are declined like devi {p-f/., dhanini).
Neuter vowel stems in ?', ii, r, follow a declension closely
analogous to dhani (neuter).
H
USEFUL SiVXSKRIT NOUJsS AHU VERBS.
Stems in 'an.'
Examples: rajan (masculine), Im// ; atman (masculine).
sc/j'; naman (neuter), name.
Singular.
Masculixe.
Masculine.
Neuter.
N.
raja
atma
nama
Ac.
rajrmam
atmanam
nama
I.
rajna
atniana
namna
D.
rajne
atmane
namne
Ah.
rajnas
Titmanas
namnas
G.
rajnas
fitmanas •
namnas
L.
rajni, rajani
atmani
namni, namani
V.
rajan
atman
Dual.
naman, nama
N. Ac. V.
rajanau
atuKlnau
namni. namani
1. 1). Ah.
rajabhyam
atmabhyam
namabbyiim
G.L.
rajnos
atmanos
Phiral.
namnos
N.
raj anas
' atmauas
namani
Ac.
rrijnas
atmanas
namani
I.
rajabhis
atmabhis
namabhis
D.
rajabliyas
atmabliyas
uamal)liyas
Ah.
rajabliya.s
atmabliyas
namabln'as
G.
raj nam
atmanam
namnam
L.
rajasu
atmasu
namasu
V.
raj anas
atmanas
namani
Note that the h;teiu loses the u before consonant teniii-
n at ions.
Note the strong stem (rajan, atman) in the iV. Ac. Singular
[raja(ns\ atma(ns)], N. Ac. V. Dual, and N. V. Plural of the
Masculine,
Note the strong stem (naman) in the Neuter N. Ac. V. riiiral.
Note the contracted stems (rajn, namn).
No Feminines follow this declension.
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
15
Stems in 'as.'
E.KA]\IPLES : sumanas (masculine and feminine), wcU-
niiiidcd ; manas (neuter), mincl.
Singular.
Masoiline and Feminize.
Neuter,
iV.
sumanas
manas
Ac.
sumanasam
manas
I.
sumanasa
manasa
D.
sumanase
manase
Ah.
sumanasa s
manasas
G.
sumanasas
manasas
L.
sumanasi
mnnasi
V.
sumanas
manas
Dual.
N. Ac. V. sumanasau
/. D. Ah. sumanobhyam
G. L. sumanasos
manasi
manobliyam
itianasos
Plural.
N. sumanasas
Ac. sumanasas
/. sumanol)liis
D. sumanobliyas
Ah. snmanobhyas
G. sumanasam
L. sumanalisu
V. sumanasas
manansi
manansi
manobliis
manobliyas
manobhyas
manasam
manahsn
manansi
Note the assimilation of the stem (o for as) with termi-
natioi\s be<rinning with sonant consonants. An analogous
change ('ili for as) may take place in the L. Plural.
Note the nasalisation of the Neuter Plural A''. .4''. F. {ovsi
is pronounced like unci in the French awioi).
i6
USEFUL SANttKKIT NOUNS AND VERBS
Stems in 'ant' (at).
Examples: mahat, y/ra/; agnimat, yiVry; hh&v&t, being.
Masculine.
Singular.
N.
mahan
agnimau
bhavan
Ac.
maliantani
aguimantam
bliavantam
I.
maLata
agnimata
bhavata
I).
mahate
aguimate
bbavate
Jh.
maliatas
agnimatas
bhavatas
a.
maliatas
agnimatas
bliavatas
L.
mahati
aguimati
bhavati
V.
mahan
aguiman
Dual.
bhavan
N. Ac. V.
maliantau
agnimantau
bhavantau
J. D. A.
maliadbhyani
aguimadbhyam
bliavadbhyam
a. L.
mahatos
aguimatos
Plural.
bhavatos
N.
mahantas
agnimantas
bhavantas
Ac.
maliatas
agnimatas
bhavatas
I.
mahadbhis
agnimadbhis
bhavadbliis
I).
mahadbhyas
agnimadbhyas
bhavadbhyas
Ah.
mahadbhyas
agnimadbhyas
bhavadbliyas
G.
mahatam
agnimatam
bh a vat am
L
mahatsu
agnimatsu
bhavatsu
V.
mahantas
agnimantas
Neuter.
Singular.
bhavantas
N. Ac. V.
mahat
agnimat
Dual.
bhavat
N. Ac. V.
mabal i
agnimati
Plural.
bhavanti
N. Ac. V.
inahanti
agninianti
bhavanti
Tlic obliciue cases, Neuter, are the same as the Masculine.
Note N., v., Ac. all through, especially Neuter Dual of bhavat.
The Feminines mahati, agnimati, bbavanti (wbich are the
same in form as the Neuter Dual) are declined like devi.
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
17
Stems in *yans' (yas) and 'vans' (ush).
Examples : shreyaiis, hettcr, and vidvaiis, hiowing.
^Masculine.
Singular.
N.
N.
slireyan
vidvan
Ac.
shreyaiisam
\'idvansam
I.
shreyasa
vidushfl
D.
slireyase
vidushe
Ah.
shreyasas
vidushas
G.
shreyasas
vidushas
L.
shreyasi
^'idiishi
V.
sbreyan
Dual.
vidvan
Ac. V.
slireyansriu
vidvaiisau
D.Ah.
shreyobliyam
vidvadbhyam
G.L.
shreyasos
Plural.
vidushos
X.
shreyansas
vidvansas
Ac.
shreyasas
viduslias
I.
shreyobhis
vidvadbhis
D.
shreyobhyas
vidvadbhyas
Ah.
shreyobhyas
vidvadbhyas
G.
shreyasam
\'idushani
L.
shreyahsu
vidvatsu
V.
shreyansas
Neuter.
vidvansas
Singular.
Ac. V.
shreyas
Dual.
vidvat
Ac. r.
shreyasi
vidushi
iV.
JV. Ac. V. shreyansi
Plural.
vidvan si
The other cases of the Neuter are the same as the Masculine.
The Feininines shreyasi, vidushi (c/. Neuter Dual), are
declined like devi.
Stems in ydiis or tijafis are Comparatives,
8tems in rdim are Perfect Participles Active.
(The das is jironounced like anc in Frencli ancien.)
C
i8
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINALS.
First and Second Person.
Base (in composition),
mad and asmad.
Base (in composition),
tvad and yushmad.
Singular.
N. aham, /
tvam, thou
Ac. mam
ma
tvilm
tva
/. may a
D. mahyam
Ah. mat
me
tvaya
tiibhyam
tvat
te
G. mama
me
tava
te
Z. mayi
Dual.
tvayi
N. avam, loc tivo
3^1 vam, yon two
Ac. avam
I. avabhyam
D. avabhyam
Ah. Tivabhyam
nau
nau
yuvam
yuvabhyam
yuvabhyam
yuvabhyam
van
van
G. avayos
nan
ynvayos
van
Z. avayos
Plural
yuvayos
N. vayam, we
Ac. asman
nas
yuyam, you
yushman
vas
I. asmabhis
yiishmabhis
D. asmabhyam
Ah. asmat
nas
yushmabhyam
yushmat
vas
G. asraakam
nas
yushmakam
vas
Z. asmasu
yushmasu
Note the alternative forms for alternate cases.
These alternative forms cannot bo used at the beginning of
a sentence.
These pronouns have no distinction of gender. They are
very irresrnlar, and should be committed to nieniorv before any
attempt is made to exjilain their forms.
USEFUL SANSKEIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
19
DEMONSTRATIVES, INTERROGATIVES, AND
RELATIVES.
Masculine.
Singular.
this.
he.
this {near).
icho f
who.
N.
ayani
[sas]
[eshas]
kas
yas
Ac.
imaml
tarn
etam
kam
yam
I.
anena]
tena
etena
kena
yena
D.
asniai
tasniai
etasmai
kasmai
yasmai
Ab.
asm at
tasmat
etasmat
kasmat
yasmat
G.
asya
tasya
etasya
kasya
yasya
L.
asmin
tasmin
etasmin
Dual.
kasmin
yasmin
N. Ar.
imau]
tail
etau
kau
yau
I.D.Ab.
ibhyam
tabhyam etabhyam
kabhyam
yabbyam
G. L.
anayos]
tayos
etayos
Plural.
kayos
yayos
N.
ime]
te
ete
ke
ye
Ac.
iman]
tan
etan
kan
yan
I.
ebhis
tais
etais
kais
yais
D.
ebhyas
tebliyai-
etebliyas
kebhyas
yebhyas
Ah.
ebhyas
tebhyab
etebhyas
kebhyas
y ebb yas
G.
esham
tesham
etesham
kesham
yesham
L.
eshu
teshu
eteshu
Neuter.
Singular.
keshu
yeshu
N. Ac.
idam]
tat
etat
Dnal.
kim
yat
N. Ac.
ime]
te
ete
Plural.
ke
ye
N. Ac.
imani]
tani
etani
kani
yani
The forms in brackets are taken from other roots, to supply
defective cases. Note the Instrumental Plural.
Like kcts are declined the Pronominals ; for example, ekas,
one; sarvas, each, every; anyas, other; svas, otcn ; uttaras,
noiih ; dakshinas, so^ith : pilrvas, east ; adharas, west ; except
that they make the Neuter Singular N. Ac. thus : ekam, sar-
vam, anyat, svam, uttaram, dakshiiiam, pvlrvam, adharam.
They make Masc. Sing. V., eka, .sarva, &c.
20
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
Demonstratives, Interrogatives, and Relatives,
— continued.
Feminine.
Singular.
N.
iyam]
[sa] she [esha]
ka
ya
Ac.
imam]
tarn etam
kam
yam
I.
an ay a]
taya etaya
kaya
yaya
D.
asyai
tasyai etasyai
kasyai
yasyai
Ab.
isyas
tasyas etasyas
kasyas
yasyas
G.
asyas
tasyas etasyas
kasyas
yasyas
L.
asyam
tasyam etasyam
kasyam
yasyam
Dual.
N. Ac. [ime] te ete
/, D. Ab. abhyam tabhyam etabliyam
G. L. [anayos] tayos etayos
Plural.
tas etas
tas etas
tabhis etabliis
tabhyas etabhyas
tabhyas etabhyas
tasam etasam
tasu etasu
ke ^ ye
kabhyam yabhyam
kayos yayos
N. [imas
Ac. imas
/. abhis
D. abhyas
Ah. abhyas
asam
G.
L.
asu
kas
kabhis
kabhyas
kS,bhyas
kasam
kasu
yas
yas
yabhis
yiibhyas
yabhyas
yasam
yasu
The forms in brackets are taken from other i-oots, to supply
defective cases.
Adverbs from the same Roots.
Demonstrative.
Interrogative.
Relative.
(Near.)
(Remote.)
Time . .
Mode
Mode
Sequence
Place. .
Comparisoi
idilnim . . now
atha, so
itham . . thus
itas atas, hence
atra, here
tadd, then
tatha, f/i«s
tatas, thence
tatra, there
tiWat, »oj'ar
kadA, when ?
katham, how)
kutas, whence ?
kutra, where ?
yadA, when
yatlid, as
yatas, whence
yatra, where
y;Vvat, as far
Similar adverbs are formed from the pronominals: ekada,
once; anyatra, elseiohere ; sarvada, alwai/s.
VEEBS.
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
^Z
Bhu.
Gerund.
Infinitive.
Compound Gerund
bhutva,
having been.
bhavitum,
to he.
anu-bhuya,
having p)erceivcd.
Active.
Middle.
Present Participle.
Passive.
bhavan,
bhavamanas,
bhuyamanas,
-anti, -at.
-a, -am.
Indicative.
-a, -am.
Sing, bhavami
bliavasi
bhave
bhavase
bhiiye
bhiiyase
bhavati
Dual, bhavavas
bhavate
bhavavahe
bh{iyate
bhuyavahe
bliavathas
bhavatas
Phiral. bhavamas
bliavatha
bhavanti
bhavethe
bhavete
bhavamahe
bhavadhve
bhavante
Optative,
bhftyethe
bhiiyete
bhuyamahe
bhuyadhve
bhiiyante
Sing, bhaveyam
bliaves
bhaveya
bhavethas
bhiiyeya
bhuyethas
bhavet
Dual, bhaveva
bhaveta
bhavevahi
bhuyeta
bhiiyevahi
bliavetam
bhavetam
Plural, bhevema
bhaveyatham
bhaveyatam
bhavemahi
bliuyeyatham
bhiiyeyatam
bhiiyemahi
bhaveta
bhaveyus
bhavedJivam
bhaveran
Imperative.
bhuyedhvam
bhfiyerau
Sing, bhavani
bhavai
bhiiytii
bhava
bhavasva
bhftyasva
bhavatu
Dual, bliavava
bh a vat am
bhavavahai
bhiiyatam
bhuyavaliai
bliavatam
bhavet ham
bhiiyetham
bhavatam
])havetam
bliiiyetam
Plural, bhavama
bhavamahrd
bhuyrimalitli
bhavata
bhavaclhvam
bliuyadlivam
bhavantu
bliavantam
bhuvantam
24
USEFUL SANSKKIT NOUNS AND VERBS. i
Bhii — continued.
Active.
Middle.
Imperfect.
Passive.
Sing.
abhavam
abhave
abliuye
abhavas
abhavathas
abliuyatlias
abhavat
abhavata
abliiiyata
Dual.
abhavava
abhavavahi
abliuyavahi
abhavatam
abliavetham
abliuyetliam
abhavatam
abliavetam
abliii5"etam
riural.
abhavama
abhavamalii
abb uyam alii
abhavata
abhavadhvam
abhiiyadlivam
abhavan
abliavanta
abliiiyanta
Future Indicative.
Sing.
bhavishyami
bliavishye
bbSvishye
bliavishyasi
bhavishj^ase
bliS\dsbyase
bliavishyati
bhavishj^ate
bliavishyate
Dual
bhavisliyavas
bhavisliyavalie
blic^vishyavahe
bhavishyatlias
bhavishyethe
bliflvishyetlie
bhavishyatas
bhavishyete
bhavishyete
Plural.
bliavishyamas
bhavishyamalie
bhSAAshyamahe
bhavishyatha
bhavishyadhve
bhSvishyadhve
bhavishyanti
bliavisliyante
Participle.
bhSvishyante
bhavishyan,
bhavishyamanas
% bhavishyamanas.
-anti, -at.
-a, -am.
-a, -am.
Perfect Indicative.
Sing.
babliiiva
babliuve
babliuve
babliuvitlia
babliiivishe
babhuvishe
babluiva
babhiive
babliuve
Dual.
bablimdva
babhuvivalic
babhiivivahe
babliiivathus
babliuvatlie
babhuvuthe
babliuvatns
babliUvate
babhiivate
Plural.
babhdvima
babliuvimalie
babhuvimahe
babliiiva
babhimdlive
babhuvidhve
babliuvns
babhdvire
Participle.
babhuvire
babliuvan,
babhiivanas,
bhfitas, -a, -am.
-vuslii, -vat.
-a, -am.
1
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
25
Gerund.
sutva,
having distilled.
Active.
sunvan,
-vati, -vat
Si7ig. sunomi
sunosbi
snnoti
Dual, suunvas
sunutlias
sunutas
Plural, sunumas
sunutlia
sunvanti
Sing, sunny am
snnnyas
snnuyat
Dual, sunuyava
sunnyatam
sunuyatam
Plural, sunuyama
sunuyata
sunuyns
Sing, snnavani
sunn
sunotu
Dual, sunavava
suuutani
snnut;*ini
Plural, sunaviima
sunuta
sunvantu
Su.
Infinitive.
sotum,
to distil.
Middle.
Present Participle.
sunvanas,
-a, -am
Indicative.
sunve
sunuslie
suuute
sunuvalie
sunvathe
sunvate
sunnmalie
sunndhve
sunvate
Optative.
sunviya
sunvithas
sunvita
suuvivahi
sunviyatham
sunviyatam
sunvimahi
sunvidhvam
sunviran
Imperative.
sunavili
sunusliva
sunutam
sunavavaliai
sunvatham
sunvatam
sunavamabai
sunudhvam
sunvatam
Compound Gerund.
abhi-suya,
having sprinkled.
Passive.
silyamanas,
-a, -am
suye
suyase
siiyate
siiyavahe
suyetlie
siiyete
suyamahe
siiyadhve
suyante
siiyeya
suyethas
suyeta
sftyevahi
siiyeyatham
siiyeyatam
suyemalii
suyedhvain
silyeran
siiyai
siiyasva
suyatam
siiyavabai
suyetbam
siiyetam
si^iyamabai
siiyadbvam
suyantfim
D
26
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS A^sD VERBS.
Su — continued.
Active.
Middle.
Imperfect.
Passive.
Sinn,
asunavam
asnnvi
asuye
asunos
asunuthas
asiiy^athas
asunot
asunuta
asuyata
Dual.
asuuuva
asunuvalii
asuyavahi
asimutam
asunvatliam
asuyetham
asunutam
asunvatam
asuyetam
Phcral.
asuniima
asunnmalii
asiiyamahi
asuniita
asunuclhvam
asuyaclhvam
asunvau
asunvata
Futtore Indicative.
asuyanta
Sing,
soshyami
sosliye
sosliye
soshyasi
soshyase
soshyase
soshyati
soshyate
soshyate
Dual.
soshyavas
soshyavahe
sosli^^avahe
soshyatlias
soshyethe
soshyethe
soshyatas
sosliyete
soshyete
Flural.
soshyamas
soshyamahe
soshyamahe
soshyatha
soshyadlive
soshyadhve
soshyanti
soshyante
Participle.
soshyante
soshyan,
soshyamanas,
soshyamanas,
-anti, -at
-a, -am
Perfect Indicative.
-a, -am
Sing.
susliava
sushiTve
sushnve
sushotha
sushuvislie
sushnvishe
sushava
snsliuve
suslmve
Dual.
susliuviva
sushuvivahe
sushuvivahe
sushuvatlius susliuvatlie
sushuvathe
sushiivatus
snsliuvate
sushuvate
Plural.
snshuvima
susliuvimalie
sushuvimahe
sushuva
sushundlive
sushuvidhve
sushuvus
sushuvire
Participle.
sushuvii'e
sushuvan,
sushuvanas,
sutas,
-viishi, -vat -a, -am
-a, -am
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
27
Jna.
Gerund.
Infinitive. Compound Gerund.
jnatva,
jnatum,
prati-jnaya,
haviwj hiowti.
to knoio. having promised.
Present Partieiple.
Active.
Middle.
Passive.
janan, -ati, -at
3 ananas, -a, -am
jnayamanas,-a,-am
Indicative.
Sinr/.
iauami
jane
jnaye
janasi
janishe
jnayase
jauati
janite
i nay ate
Dual.
jauivas
janivahe
jnayavahe
jauithas
janatlie
jnayethe
janitas
janate
jnayete
Plural.
janimas
janimahe
jnayamahe
jauitha
janidhve
jnayadhve
janauti
janate
Optative.
jn^yante
Siwj.
jauiyam
■ janiya^
jnayeya^
janiyas
ianitlias
jnayethas
janiyat
janita
j nay eta
Dual.
janiyava
janivalii
jnayevahi
janiyatam
janiyatham
jnayeyatham
janiyatam
janiyatam
jnayeyatam
Plural
janiyama
janimahi
jnayemahi
iauiyata
janidhvam
jnayedhvam
janiyus
janiran
Imperative.
jnayerau
Siiuj.
janani
janfii
jnayai
janihi
janisliva
jnayasva
janatu
janitam
j nay at am
Dual
janava
janavahai
jnayavahili
janitam
janatham
jnayetham
janitam
janatam
jnayetam
Plural.
jauama
janamahili
jnayamahai
jilnita
janidhvam
jnayadlivam
janautu
janatam
jnayantam
Note that the Imperative, Second Person Sinc'ilar, of
^•hnami is grhana.
28
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
Jna — continued.
Active.
Middle.
Imperfect.
Passive.
Sing.
ajanam
ajani
ajnaye
ajanas
ajanithas
ajnayathas
ajanat
ajanita
ajnayata
Dual.
ajaniva
ajanivahi
ajnayavahi
ajanitam
ajanatham
ajnayetham
ajanitani
ajiinatam
ajnayetam
Plural.
ajautma
ajanimalii
ajnayamalii
ajanita
ajanidhvam
ajnayadhvam
ajauan
ajanata
Future Indicative.
ajnayanta
Sing.
jnasyami
jnasye
jnasye
jntisyasi
jnasyase
jnasyase
jnasyati
jnasyate
jnasyate
Dual.
jnasyavas
jnasyavahe
jnasyavahe
jnasyatlias
jnasyethe
jnasyethe
jnasyatas
jnasyete
jnasyete
Plural.
jnasyamas
jnasyamahe
jnasyamahe
jnasyatha
jnasyadlive
jnasyadhve
jnasyanti
jnasyante
Particijjle.
jnasyante
jnasyan,
jnS,syamanas,
jnasyamanas,
-anti, -at
-a, -am
Perfect Indicative.
-a, -am
Sing.
jajnau
jajne
jajne
jajnatha
jajnishe
jajnishe
jajnau
jajne
jajne
Dual.
jajniva
jajnivahe
jajnivahe
jajuathus
jajnatlie
jajnathe
jajnatus
jajnfite
jajnate
Plural.
jajnima
jajnimahe
jajnimahe
jajna
jajnidhve
jajnidhve
jajnus
jajnire
Participle.
jajnire
jajniv^n,
jajnanas,
jnatas,
-nnshi, -nivat -A. -am
-A, -am
_
USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
29
As.
Infinitive.
Participle.
astum, to be.
san, sati,
sat, heing.
Present Indicative.
Optative
Imperative.
Sing, asmi
asi
asti
Dual, svas
sthas
syam
syas
syat
syava
syatara
I
asani
edhi
astu
asava
stam
stas
syatam
stam
riural. smas
syama
asama
stha
syata
sta
santi
syus
santn
Im])crfcct.
Perfect Active. Perfect Middle.
Sing, asam
asis
asa
asitha
ase
^Isishe
asit
asa
ase
Dual, asva
asiva
asivahe
astam
asathus
asathe
astam
asatus
asate
Plural, asma
S,sima
asimahe
asta
asa
asidhve
3,san
asus
asire
brfi, ^0 speak, with defective perfect aha.
Present Indicative.
Imperative.
Imperfect
Perfect.
Sing, bravimi
bravani
abravam
bravishi
briihi
abravis
attha
braviti
bravitn
abravit
aha
Dual, briivas
bravava
abruva
bruthas
brutam
abrutam
ahathus
brut as
brutam
abrutam
ahatus
Plural, brumas
bravama
abruma
brutlia
bruta
abruta
l:)ruvanti
bruvantu
abruvan
ahns
The optative is brdyam ; l^nl is defective in the otlier tenses.
30
USEFUL SANSKKIT NOUNS AND VERBS.
A HUNDRED USEFUL ROOTS.
Tip, obtain
as, sit
ish, wish
iksh, see
tsh, rule
kam, /o2?g
kash, shine
kr, f?o
krt, c«^
kram, face
ksham, hear
kshi, wane
khad, e«^
khya, 'proclaim
gam, <7o
gup, protect
gnh, /i-if^e
gcli, s%
grail, ^rasp
chit, think
jan, produce
ji, conquer
tan, ^ewc?
tap, &?M'?i
trp, delight
tras, tremble
tf, cross
tvar, Zw^rry
dam, to7?ie
dah, &?M'?i
da, give
drsli, sec
dyut, sAmc
dvisli, hate
dlitl, ^/acc
nad, sound
nam, &c?i(Z
nash, perish
nind, &/a??ic
pat, /a//
pad, go
pashya, see
pa, fZn?i^
pu, purify
pr, ^Z^
phal, produce
bandh, bind
budli, hnovj
bhi, fear
blir, &car
bhram, roam
manth, strike
ma, measure
much, loosen
muh, err
mr, die
mna, s^wf??/
yaj, sacrifice
yam, restrain
ranj, ^iw^e
ram, s^jor^
raj, shine
vacli, spcrt/o
vad, spca^'
vas, dwell
vah, ca?'?'^
vid, find
\dd, Z;?iozy
vish, pervade
\T, choose
vrt, Je
vrdh, ^roM?
vyath, /car
vraj, ^0
shak, can
shas, command
shish, ^cat"c
shi, ^tc
shri, scryc
shru, hear
shvas, breathe
sad, perish
sanj, s^tcA;
sadh, complete
srj, abandon
stu, ]}raise
stf, cove?'
stha, s^rt?if?
sprsh, ifo?«c7i
svap, s/ccj:?
han, A;*/^
ha, leave
liiiis, injure
hu, sacrifice
hr, to^^e
hri, shame
hve, Crt/^
Frinleii by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co., Edinburgh and London
i
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